What Do Skeleton Drawings on the Body Mean

Internal framework of the human torso

Man skeleton
A man skeleton on exhibit at the Museum of Osteology, Oklahoma Urban center, Oklahoma
Details
Identifiers
Greek	σκελετός
TA98	A02.0.00.000
TA2	352
*Anatomical terminology* [edit on Wikidata]

The human skeleton is the internal framework of the human body. It is composed of effectually 270 bones at nascency – this full decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones get fused together.^[i] The bone mass in the skeleton makes up well-nigh 14% of the total trunk weight (ca. 10–11 kg for an average person) and reaches maximum density effectually age 21.^{[ citation needed ]} The homo skeleton tin can be divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The centric skeleton is formed past the vertebral cavalcade, the rib cage, the skull and other associated bones. The appendicular skeleton, which is attached to the centric skeleton, is formed past the shoulder girdle, the pelvic girdle and the bones of the upper and lower limbs.

The human skeleton performs vi major functions: support, movement, protection, production of blood cells, storage of minerals, and endocrine regulation.

The human being skeleton is not every bit sexually dimorphic equally that of many other primate species, just subtle differences betwixt sexes in the morphology of the skull, dentition, long bones, and pelvis be. In general, female person skeletal elements tend to be smaller and less robust than corresponding male person elements within a given population.^{[ commendation needed ]} The human being female person pelvis is as well different from that of males in gild to facilitate childbirth.^[2] Different most primates, human males exercise not take penile bones.^[3]

Divisions

Axial

The axial skeleton (80 bones) is formed by the vertebral column (32–34 bones; the number of the vertebrae differs from human to human being equally the lower two parts, sacral and coccygeal bone may vary in length), a part of the rib cage (12 pairs of ribs and the sternum), and the skull (22 bones and seven associated bones).

The upright posture of humans is maintained by the axial skeleton, which transmits the weight from the caput, the trunk, and the upper extremities down to the lower extremities at the hip joints. The basic of the spine are supported past many ligaments. The erector spinae muscles are besides supporting and are useful for balance.

Appendicular

The appendicular skeleton (126 bones) is formed past the pectoral girdles, the upper limbs, the pelvic girdle or pelvis, and the lower limbs. Their functions are to brand locomotion possible and to protect the major organs of digestion, excretion and reproduction.

Functions

The skeleton serves six major functions: support, movement, protection, production of claret cells, storage of minerals and endocrine regulation.

Support

The skeleton provides the framework which supports the body and maintains its shape. The pelvis, associated ligaments and muscles provide a floor for the pelvic structures. Without the rib cages, costal cartilages, and intercostal muscles, the lungs would collapse.

Movement

The joints between basic allow motion, some allowing a wider range of motility than others, due east.k. the ball and socket joint allows a greater range of movement than the pin joint at the neck. Motility is powered by skeletal muscles, which are attached to the skeleton at diverse sites on bones. Muscles, bones, and joints provide the principal mechanics for movement, all coordinated past the nervous system.

It is believed that the reduction of human being bone density in prehistoric times reduced the agility and dexterity of human being movement. Shifting from hunting to agriculture has caused homo bone density to reduce significantly.^[4] ^[five] ^[vi]

Protection

The skeleton helps to protect many vital internal organs from being damaged.

The skull protects the brain
The vertebrae protect the spinal string.
The rib cage, spine, and sternum protect the lungs, heart and major blood vessels.

Claret cell production

The skeleton is the site of haematopoiesis, the development of blood cells that takes place in the bone marrow. In children, haematopoiesis occurs primarily in the marrow of the long basic such every bit the femur and tibia. In adults, it occurs mainly in the pelvis, attic, vertebrae, and sternum.^[7]

Storage

The os matrix can store calcium and is involved in calcium metabolism, and bone marrow can store atomic number 26 in ferritin and is involved in iron metabolism. Yet, bones are non entirely made of calcium, but a mixture of chondroitin sulfate and hydroxyapatite, the latter making up 70% of a os. Hydroxyapatite is in plough composed of 39.8% of calcium, 41.4% of oxygen, eighteen.5% of phosphorus, and 0.2% of hydrogen by mass. Chondroitin sulfate is a sugar fabricated upwards primarily of oxygen and carbon.

Endocrine regulation

Bone cells release a hormone called osteocalcin, which contributes to the regulation of blood saccharide (glucose) and fat deposition. Osteocalcin increases both the insulin secretion and sensitivity, in addition to boosting the number of insulin-producing cells and reducing stores of fat.^[8]

Sex activity differences

During construction of the York to Scarborough Railway Bridge in 1901, workmen discovered a large stone bury, close to the River Ouse. Inside was a skeleton, accompanied by an array of unusual and expensive objects. This risk notice represents one of the near significant discoveries ever made from Roman York. Report of the skeleton has revealed that information technology belonged to a woman.

Anatomical differences between human males and females are highly pronounced in some soft tissue areas, but tend to exist limited in the skeleton. The human skeleton is non every bit sexually dimorphic as that of many other primate species, but subtle differences between sexes in the morphology of the skull, dentition, long bones, and pelvis are exhibited across human populations. In general, female skeletal elements tend to exist smaller and less robust than corresponding male elements within a given population.^{[ citation needed ]} It is not known whether or to what extent those differences are genetic or ecology.

Skull

A variety of gross morphological traits of the homo skull demonstrate sexual dimorphism, such as the median nuchal line, mastoid processes, supraorbital margin, supraorbital ridge, and the chin.^[nine]

Dentition

Human inter-sex dental dimorphism centers on the canine teeth, only it is not nearly as pronounced as in the other keen apes.

Long bones

Long bones are generally larger in males than in females within a given population. Muscle attachment sites on long basic are oft more robust in males than in females, reflecting a difference in overall musculus mass and evolution between sexes. Sexual dimorphism in the long bones is commonly characterized by morphometric or gross morphological analyses.

Pelvis

The human pelvis exhibits greater sexual dimorphism than other bones, specifically in the size and shape of the pelvic cavity, ilia, greater sciatic notches, and the sub-pubic bending. The Phenice method is normally used to determine the sex of an unidentified human skeleton by anthropologists with 96% to 100% accurateness in some populations.^[10]

Women'south pelvises are wider in the pelvic inlet and are wider throughout the pelvis to let for child nativity. The sacrum in the women'southward pelvis is curved inwards to allow the child to have a "funnel" to assist in the child's pathway from the uterus to the nascence canal.

Clinical significance

There are many classified skeletal disorders. 1 of the well-nigh common is osteoporosis. Also common is scoliosis, a side-to-side bend in the dorsum or spine, oft creating a pronounced "C" or "S" shape when viewed on an x-ray of the spine. This status is most apparent during boyhood, and is nigh common with females.

Arthritis

Arthritis is a disorder of the joints. Information technology involves inflammation of i or more joints. When affected by arthritis, the joint or joints affected may be painful to move, may move in unusual directions or may be immobile completely. The symptoms of arthritis volition vary differently betwixt types of arthritis. The most common form of arthritis, osteoarthritis, can bear on both the larger and smaller joints of the human being skeleton. The cartilage in the affected joints will degrade, soften and wear away. This decreases the mobility of the joints and decreases the space between basic where cartilage should be.

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a disease of os where there is reduced bone mineral density, increasing the likelihood of fractures.^[xi] Osteoporosis is defined past the World Health Organisation in women as a os mineral density 2.5 standard deviations below summit os mass, relative to the age and sexual practice-matched average, as measured by Dual free energy X-ray absorptiometry, with the term "established osteoporosis" including the presence of a fragility fracture.^[12] Osteoporosis is near common in women after menopause, when it is chosen "postmenopausal osteoporosis", but may develop in men and premenopausal women in the presence of particular hormonal disorders and other chronic diseases or as a upshot of smoking and medications, specifically glucocorticoids.^[11] Osteoporosis usually has no symptoms until a fracture occurs.^[11] For this reason, DEXA scans are often done in people with ane or more risk factors, who accept adult osteoporosis and be at chance of fracture.^[11]

Osteoporosis treatment includes advice to terminate smoking, decrease alcohol consumption, do regularly, and have a healthy diet. Calcium supplements may besides exist advised, as may Vitamin D. When medication is used, it may include bisphosphonates, Strontium ranelate, and osteoporosis may be 1 factor considered when commencing Hormone replacement therapy.^[11]

History

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2014)

India

Suśruta-saṃhitā, composed betwixt 6th century BCE and fifth century CE speaks of 360 bones. Books on Salya-Shastra (surgical scientific discipline) know of just 300. The text so lists the total of 300 as follows: 120 in the extremities (e.m. hands, legs), 117 in the pelvic area, sides, dorsum, belly and breast, and 63 in the neck and upwards.^[13] The text then explains how these subtotals were empirically verified.^[14] The discussion shows that the Indian tradition nurtured diversity of thought, with Sushruta school reaching its own conclusions and differing from the Atreya-Caraka tradition.^[xiv] The differences in the count of bones in the two schools is partly because Charaka Samhita includes 30 two teeth sockets in its count, and their deviation of opinions on how and when to count a cartilage as bone (both count cartilages as bones, unlike current medical practice).^[15]

Hellenistic world

The study of bones in ancient Greece started under Ptolemaic kings due to their link to Egypt. Herophilos, through his piece of work past studying dissected man corpses in Alexandria, is credited to exist the pioneer of the field. His works are lost but are often cited by notable persons in the field such as Galen and Rufus of Ephesus. Galen himself did little dissection though and relied on the piece of work of others like Marinus of Alexandria,^[xvi] also as his own observations of gladiator cadavers and animals.^[17] According to Katherine Park, in medieval Europe autopsy connected to be practiced, contrary to the popular understanding that such practices were taboo and thus completely banned.^[18] The do of holy autopsy, such equally in the example of Clare of Montefalco further supports the claim.^[19] Alexandria continued every bit a heart of beefcake under Islamic dominion, with Ibn Zuhr a notable figure. Chinese understandings are divergent, equally the closest respective concept in the medicinal system seems to exist the meridians, although given that Hua Tuo regularly performed surgery, there may be some altitude betwixt medical theory and actual understanding.

Renaissance

Leonardo da Vinci made studies of the skeleton, albeit unpublished in his fourth dimension.^[xx] Many artists, Antonio del Pollaiuolo being the outset, performed dissections for better understanding of the trunk, although they concentrated mostly on the muscles.^[21] Vesalius, regarded as the founder of modern beefcake, authored the book De humani corporis fabrica, which contained many illustrations of the skeleton and other body parts, correcting some theories dating from Galen, such as the lower jaw being a single bone instead of 2.^[22] Diverse other figures like Alessandro Achillini also contributed to the further agreement of the skeleton.

18th century

As early as 1797, the death goddess or folk saint known as Santa Muerte has been represented equally a skeleton.^[23] ^[24]

References

^ Mammal anatomy : an illustrated guide. New York: Marshall Cavendish. 2010. p. 129. ISBN9780761478829.
^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy, (2006), p 113
^ Patterns of Sexual Beliefs Clellan S. Ford and Frank A. Embankment, published past Harper & Row, New York in 1951. ISBN 0-313-22355-6
^ "Switching Farming Made Human Bone Skeleton Articulation Lighter". Smithsonian Magazine. 23 December 2014.
^ "Lite human skeleton may accept come up afterwards agronomics". Retrieved 4 March 2017.
^ "With the Advent of Agriculture, Human being Basic Dramatically Weakened". 22 December 2014. Retrieved iv March 2017.
^ Fernández, KS; de Alarcón, PA (Dec 2013). "Development of the hematopoietic system and disorders of hematopoiesis that present during infancy and early on childhood". Pediatric Clinics of Due north America. threescore (6): 1273–89. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2013.08.002. PMID 24237971.
^ Lee, Na Kyung; Sowa, Hideaki; Hinoi, Eiichi; Ferron, Mathieu; Ahn, Jong Deok; Confavreux, Cyrille; Dacquin, Romain; Mee, Patrick J.; McKee, Marc D.; Jung, Dae Young; Zhang, Zhiyou; Kim, Jason K.; Mauvais-Jarvis, Franck; Ducy, Patricia; Karsenty, Gerard (2007). "Endocrine Regulation of Energy Metabolism past the Skeleton". Cell. 130 (iii): 456–69. doi:10.1016/j.prison cell.2007.05.047. PMC2013746. PMID 17693256.
^ Buikstra, J.East.; D.H. Ubelaker (1994). Standards for information collection from human skeletal remains. Arkansas Archaeological Survey. p. 208.
^ Phenice, T. W. (1969). "A newly adult visual method of sexing the os pubis". American Journal of Concrete Anthropology. 30 (ii): 297–301. doi:x.1002/ajpa.1330300214. PMID 5772048.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Britton, the editors Nicki R. Colledge, Brian R. Walker, Stuart H. Ralston; illustrated by Robert (2010). Davidson'due south principles and practice of medicine (21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 1116–1121. ISBN978-0-7020-3085-7.
^ WHO (1994). "Cess of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Study of a WHO Study Group". Earth Health Organisation Technical Study Series. 843: 1–129. PMID 7941614.
^ Hoernle 1907, p. 70.
^ ^a ^b Hoernle 1907, pp. 70–72.
^ Hoernle 1907, pp. 73–74.
^ Rocca, Julius (9 August 2010). "A Note on Marinus of Alexandria". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. eleven (3): 282–285. doi:x.1076/jhin.11.3.282.10386. PMID 12481479. S2CID 37476347.
^ Charlier, Philippe; Huynh-Charlier, Isabelle; Poupon, Joël; Lancelot, Eloïse; Campos, Paula F.; Favier, Dominique; Jeannel, Gaël-François; Bonati, Maurizio Rippa; Grandmaison, Geoffroy Lorin de la; Herve, Christian (2014). "Special study: Anatomical pathology A glimpse into the early origins of medieval anatomy through the oldest conserved human dissection (Western Europe, 13th c. A.D.)". Archives of Medical Scientific discipline. 2 (2): 366–373. doi:10.5114/aoms.2013.33331. PMC4042035. PMID 24904674.
^ "Debunking a myth". Harvard Gazette . Retrieved 12 November 2016.
^ Hairston, Julia 50.; Stephens, Walter (2010). The trunk in early modern Italia. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Printing. ISBN9780801894145.
^ Sooke, Alastair. "Leonardo da Vinci: Anatomy of an artist". Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 9 December 2016.
^ Bambach, Carmen. "Anatomy in the Renaissance". The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History.
^ "Vesalius's Renaissance beefcake lessons". www.bl.uk . Retrieved xviii December 2016.
^ Chesnut, R. Andrew (2018) [2012]. Devoted to Death: Santa Muerte, the Skeleton Saint (Second ed.). New York: Oxford University Printing. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199764662.001.0001. ISBN978-0-xix-063332-5. LCCN 2011009177. Retrieved 2021-11-30 .
^ Livia Gershon (October 5, 2020). "Who is Santa Muerte?". JSTOR Daily. Retrieved 2021-11-30 .

Bibliography

Hoernle, A. F. Rudolf (1907). Studies in the Medicine of Aboriginal Bharat: Osteology or the Bones of the Human Body. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.

parkeryage1992.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skeleton